Which of the following influences political outcomes but is not bound by contribution limits?

Independent groups influence political outcomes significantly while not being bound by contribution limits set for candidate committees and political parties. These groups, often referred to as "independent expenditures" or "super PACs," can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money to advocate for or against candidates. This unrestricted funding allows them a larger flexibility in disseminating their messages during election cycles.

The distinction lies in the nature of their activities; while candidate committees directly support a specific candidate and must adhere to strict contribution limits, independent groups operate independently and thus are not subject to those same regulations. Their ability to mobilize financial resources can effectively impact the political landscape through advertisements, grassroots campaigning, or strategic initiatives that can sway voters' opinions or bolster certain candidates, making them powerful players in modern elections.

Political parties and state committees are also subjected to contribution limits and regulations, reducing their financial influence compared to independent groups. This differentiates independent groups as unique entities that can operate without the constraints imposed on traditional political funding mechanisms.