Which of the following describes 'executive action' in platform fulfillment?

'Executive action' in the context of platform fulfillment refers specifically to the actions taken by the President to implement policies and fulfill campaign promises without the need for legislative approval. This typically includes presidential executive agreements or executive orders, which allow a president to direct government operations or implement laws and policies effectively.

By utilizing executive orders, a president can bypass Congress and directly address issues, which is a critical aspect of executing their agenda. These actions can cover a wide range of topics, from immigration policy to environmental regulations, and they showcase the power of the executive branch in shaping policy.

Legislation passed by Congress directly involves legislative procedures and collaboration between both houses of Congress and does not fall under the category of executive actions. Public opinion polling is a tool for understanding the electorate's feelings and preferences but does not constitute action taken by the executive branch. Additionally, campaign promises made by candidates relate to the expectations of voters but do not constitute the legally binding actions of an executive. Thus, the correct understanding of 'executive action' is best captured by the reference to presidential executive agreements or orders.