What drove the emergence of primaries between 1912-1968?

The emergence of primaries between 1912 and 1968 was primarily driven by progressive demands for reform. During this period, there was a strong movement aimed at increasing democratic participation and reducing the influence of party elites in the nomination process. Progressives pushed for changes that would allow ordinary voters to have a direct say in their party's candidate selections, rather than leaving those decisions solely in the hands of party leaders and backroom deals.

This push for greater inclusiveness in the electoral process led to the establishment of primary elections, where party members could directly vote for their preferred candidates. Primaries were seen as a way to enhance democracy, promote accountability, and reflect the will of the people. This transformation was part of a broader progressive agenda that included various reforms such as women's suffrage, direct election of senators, and initiatives to limit the power of corporations and political machines.

The other options, while they may touch on relevant issues during this time, do not capture the primary driving force behind the reforms in the nomination process that led to the widespread adoption of primaries.