What does the term "retrospective" refer to in voting behavior?

The term "retrospective" in voting behavior refers specifically to the tendency of voters to evaluate candidates based on their past performance in office, particularly for incumbents. Voters look back on how well those currently in office have handled issues, implemented policies, and met the expectations of their constituents. This evaluation often influences whether they choose to reelect those incumbents or turn to challengers.

Retrospective voting is grounded in the belief that past actions are indicative of future performance; therefore, voters weigh the successes and failures of incumbents as they make their voting decisions. This approach contrasts with prospective voting, where voters consider what candidates promise to do if elected. Retrospective voting emphasizes accountability and emphasizes the importance of historical context in the decision-making process during elections.